Macbeth :: essays research papers

MacbethWhen a play is presented on film, the director takes the script, and with poetic license, interprets it. A film not sole(prenominal) contains the actual words of the author (in this suit Shakespeare), but it includes action, acting, and cinematographic techniques the three are used to better portray the authors story. Using these elements, the directors interpretation of the plot is reinforced. The film provides emblematical images and a visual interpretation, hence Shakespeares play Macbeth is better understood by the viewers.The use of action was inwrought in the film. Murder, parties, battles, dancing, and embraces were actions that were focused upon the most. For example, in the scenes of Duncans murder, the actions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, the two guards, and Duncan were emphasized. The director used close-ups and long pauses in dialogue and action to give the viewer more(prenominal) time to focus on enlarge in the scenes. Also, the long pauses and close-ups ad d to the drama, and overall pettishness of the film. Facial expressions, body movements, and speech were combined to portray Macbeth in such a way that the characters, and their emotions could be better understood. Thus, reinforcing the plot. For example, the close-ups of Macbeths face in the scenes surrounding Duncans murder clearly convey to the viewer his fear, guilt, uncertainty, anxiety, mix-up and horror. Without these close-ups, these emotions might possibly have not been clearly sent to the viewer. The actions of the characters as a whole in the film portray the change in belief over the course of the film. For example, in the send-off scenes, the soldiers rode high on their horses, the children played and laughed, townspeople seemed to be bustling about in a pleasant manner, and smiles were on all faces, especially at the fellowship at Macbeths house the night of Duncans murder. Towards the end of the fourth act, the soldiers, townspeople, and children were crying, moa ning and showed signs of suffering. In conclusion, these overall actions of the characters portrayed the mood change over the course of the film, thereof emphasizing the fact that Macbeth had brought poverty, sorrow and horror to Scotland. The cinematography enforced the mood, drama, and plot. The use of color in the film was taleteller of the mood. The colors were drab, lifeless, mellow colors. These colors were informative signs of the setting and mood of the play. The setting was in a sorrowful, dirty, suffering country the mood was sorrowful and suffering as well.Macbeth essays research papers MacbethWhen a play is presented on film, the director takes the script, and with poetic license, interprets it. A film not only contains the actual words of the author (in this case Shakespeare), but it includes action, acting, and cinematographic techniques the three are used to better portray the authors story. Using these elements, the directors interpretation of the plot is reinf orced. The film provides symbolic images and a visual interpretation, hence Shakespeares play Macbeth is better understood by the viewers.The use of action was essential in the film. Murder, parties, battles, dancing, and embraces were actions that were focused upon the most. For example, in the scenes of Duncans murder, the actions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, the two guards, and Duncan were emphasized. The director used close-ups and long pauses in dialogue and action to give the viewer more time to focus on details in the scenes. Also, the long pauses and close-ups add to the drama, and overall mood of the film. Facial expressions, body movements, and speech were combined to portray Macbeth in such a way that the characters, and their emotions could be better understood. Thus, reinforcing the plot. For example, the close-ups of Macbeths face in the scenes surrounding Duncans murder clearly convey to the viewer his fear, guilt, uncertainty, anxiety, confusion and horror. Without t hese close-ups, these emotions might possibly have not been clearly sent to the viewer. The actions of the characters as a whole in the film portray the change in mood over the course of the film. For example, in the beginning scenes, the soldiers rode high on their horses, the children played and laughed, townspeople seemed to be bustling about in a pleasant manner, and smiles were on all faces, especially at the party at Macbeths house the night of Duncans murder. Towards the end of the fourth act, the soldiers, townspeople, and children were crying, moaning and showed signs of suffering. In conclusion, these overall actions of the characters portrayed the mood change over the course of the film, thus emphasizing the fact that Macbeth had brought poverty, sorrow and horror to Scotland. The cinematography enforced the mood, drama, and plot. The use of color in the film was telltale of the mood. The colors were drab, lifeless, mellow colors. These colors were telltale signs of the s etting and mood of the play. The setting was in a sorrowful, dirty, suffering country the mood was sorrowful and suffering as well.

John Carlos Story Essay -- Sports

The John Carlos Story is a book about the struggles of growing up black in America at a cartridge holder when a good deal of the nation was still segregated. John Carlos was a member of the Olympic Project for Human Rights. After winning the bronze medal, John Carlos and a friend and teammate, Tommy Smith, who win the gold medal, raised their fists in opposition of racial inequality and in unity of civil rights. This book shows examples of sociology in everyday life which can be explained through theories and concepts, which centers mainly on the event surrounding their win at the Olympic Games.A seemingly non-emotional, non-verbal, non-violent protest over racism was met with a groovy deal of negativity at the Olympic Games. Because of the location of their protest over racial inequality, many people did not agree with what they were doing. It was not considered socially acceptable to let their opinion on the matters of race play a part of the opinion-free Olympic Games. Instantly, the audience at the game did not like their way of permit the people know of their beliefs as the crowd went silent. As John Carlos stated in his book, Theres something awful about hearing fifty curtilage people go silent, like being in the eye of a hurricane. Then, as the national anthem played in full force, the calm onwards the storm ended and the boos started coming down (Carlos 121). Smith and Carlos were then able to walk off the field but it just got worse, the shock was gone and it was formally getting ugly (Carlos 121). The audience started to yell at them and called them anti-American (Carlos 121). Because of the social setting, people did not understand the purpose of what they were doing or what it had represented. There was ta... ... period of time (1968) in which there was no race cohesion and blacks were not viewed positively by some Americans. Also, the place was likely not the proper location for such a demonstration. Again, people had differen t reactions and to some, Carlos and Smith were heroes. This can be considered labeling theory which focuses on how people define deviance what is or is not normal-which is a core issue (Ballantine/Roberts 175). In the end, those that thought he was a hero were helpful to John Carlos and with his book, society accepts him for his efforts and if there be individuals that still do not, they are the minority in society.Works CitedBallantine, Jeanne and Roberts, Keith. Our Social World, Introduction to Sociology. Pine Forge Press, 2011.Carlos, John. The John Carlos Story. (With Dave Zirin). Haymarket Books, Chicago, IL 2011.

Shiloh Essay -- essays research papers

Good bye Norma JeanThe death of an infant underside modify ones characteristic and psychological behaviour to the point of suicide. In Bobbie Ann Masons "Shiloh" she leaves the ending of the figment for her readers to draw their hold conclusion of how Norma Jean leaves her husband Leroy. Most readers see her divorcing Leroy and starting a new life as an independent woman (Cooke 196 par.1). When in fact, this is a story about a bereaved mother who at the end, stocks her own life due to the guilt over her childs death.There are galore(postnominal) clues to lead to the fact she took her own life. I found it interesting Bobbie Ann Mason gave the character the name Norma Jean. Norma Jean was also the real name of Marilyn Monroe. Marilyn Monroes imprint and inability to find lasting happiness resulted in psychological disorders with the end result of her taking her own life.The character Norma Jean fits all the psychological characteristics of behavior change in mothers who are coping with life after losing their child to sudden infant death syndrome. The most common symptoms are anxiety and first gear (Boyle 933 par.1). She is always try to stay busy. First she decided to build her own body up. She goes to the gym or does exercises around the house whenever she is home. Second she decided to take night classes at her local community college. She comes home and writes essays of stories she has read. She never seems to be in a relaxed state of being. These are signs of anxiety. The definition of anxiety is uneasiness. She cant decide what she wants to do with herself. There are many reasons for her embossment. She is trying to cope with the death of her child, her empty marriage to Leroy and her less than supportive mother.The death of her child occurred part she and Leroy were watching a movie at a drive in theater. Her child then four months old was in the back seat. Studies have shown the sum total of guilt a parent places upon themselves leads to emotional, psychological, and social consequences (Boyle 933 par 5). The relationship between the two parents becomes difficult to manage and needs tremendous care and guidance to reserve (Boyle 933 par 10). Of all the deaths a person might encounter, the death of a child is very traumatic and likely to lead to most severe consequences. It is fairish to anticipate that families who lose children from SI... ... She told her husband she was going to leave him, not divorce him. "Everything was fine till Mama caught me smoking." "She wont leave me alone- you wont leave me alone. I feel eighteen again. I cant face that all over again." "No, it wasnt fine" (Charters 973 par 20 and 22). She is trying to tell him she has not been fine since the death of their baby. Norma Jean has reached the bluff, and she is looking out over the Tennessee River. Now she turns toward Leroy and waves her arms. Is she beckoning to him? She seems to be doing an exercise for her c hest muscles. This is where she is waving her arms up in disgust. She has had enough and can not take anymore. Here is a woman who has been depressed since the death of her child. Living in a negative environs of a lifeless marriage and a critical mother. Here is where she plunges backwards into the Tennessee River to end all of her misery.&9In conclusion, I believe Bobbie Ann Masons character Norma Jean was not symbolizing the modern woman striving to find her identity and individuality, but a bereaved mother whos depression and inability to accept life takes her own.

things Fall Apart Essay -- essays research papers

CHAPTER 10 A very dramatic public ceremonial occasion is described in detail that involves meting out justice. On the village commons ppl gather and the rest of the village is behind them. Nine stools are placed for the egwugwu to sit. Egwugwu equate the spirits of their ancestors and are respected members of the community who can dispense justice in trials. Women stood on the edges of the circle. A gong is loudly blasted and the guttural enunciate of the egwugwu is heard. When he makes his appearance, it is very dramatic as he wears a fearful looking mask and pretends to scare the women. With him , nine other masked men emerge. Okonkwos wives obtain that one of the egwugwu walks with a springy step such as Okonkwo does. They also notice he is absent from where the elders sit. The leader of the egwugwu speaks some words. The hearing then begins. It involves a man named Uzowulu whose wife was taken away by him by her family. He wishes that either she return or they pay him his br ide-price. The womens brother argues that she has been rescued because she is beaten each day and that she will return on the promise that he never hit her again. After the discussion the leader returns with a verdict. He tells Uzowulu to bring wine to his wifes family and beg his wife to return to him. He also expresses disgust at Uzowulus cowardice in beating women and askes him to accept his brother-in-laws offer. The egwugwu and their system of justice are mistakable to Western societys notion of a fair public trial. The men who conduct the hearings are the senior members of the society, and have political as well as scotch power, but they mask themselves to hide their identity, so that a fair judgment can be given. Here each party is given a rule to state their case and then the egwugwu leave to debate a verdict as well as a punishment or remuneration. The dismissive placement one of the elders shows for a trial of this kind reveals the lack of power and respect that wome n had in this society. Not only does the womens brother speak for her, but she has no read in the verdict handed to her husband. Whether or not she wants to return is overlooked by the larger economic reason for her return. Her husbands hand is slapped for being so uncivilised but other than that he is not punished for his crime, simply finedCHAPTER 11 One night, Ezinma and her mother are sitting in... ...anlyfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yu io sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdfsdihsdlhsdodsdjohndjsjdkl hd shduiosy yuio sduisui sdure i entually will

Essay --

Rebecca Pierce Professor Engbers ENGL 23013 December 2013 Creative PortfolioAuthor StatementsFree Verse Poem Free meter is a type of poetry in which is referred to as poetry that does not have any consistent meter patterns, rhyme scheme or rhythm method scheme, or any other type of pattern applied. there is no specific length that is has to be either. One would tend to view free poetry poetry as if it were someone speaking. By having a free verse poem, it allows the reader to have a better get a lineing of what the poem is about. The various structures that a poem can take on sometimes can take away and distract from the meaning and intention of the poem. In this poem, thither isnt often imagery for the imagery would take away from the meaning of the poem. As an author, it is important to use figurative language to create sentences that show and not tell. Within this poem, there is an attempt to capture and convey meaning through the emotion that is presented in the phrases. There was a hope that there would be a strong sentiment left with the reader as well. While the poem reflects many aspects of free verse poetry is displayed, it isnt the best that could have been done. More metaphors and similes could have been utilise to better create the phrases. Also, while there was an attempt to make it like spoken words, there still seems to be a rhythm taste to it. There were many changes that were made to poem from the help of peer reviews to try and remove that rhythm aspect that it had but with all those changes, it didnt seem to disappear. SonnetSonnets ar yet another form of poetry that is out there. A sonnet usually consists of fourteen lines and have iambic pentameter. There are many divergent rhyme schemes in which these... ...nto it as well. Come over here, Buddy We are going on an adventure Excited she ran after me. It was as if she could actually understand me. I took one final look into my hideout before I shut the door, for wherever I was go ing or headed, I surely wasnt going to be returning. Even though I spent most of my time down there being afraid of dying, it was the only safe focalize I could go and I will miss that place. It had been my home for so long, and probably was where I would have been spending the rest of my short lived life if I hadnt felt this sense of uneasiness. I sighed deeply, and began shutting the door. Calm down, Buddy, I muttered as he was shinnying at something. He had a tendency to bark at objects and things that actually never existed, so I didnt think twice about it. However when I turned around, I laid my eyeball on something, or rather yet someone.

Essay --

Rebecca Pierce Professor Engbers ENGL 23013 December 2013 Creative PortfolioAuthor StatementsFree Verse Poem Free poetise line is a type of poetry in which is referred to as poetry that does not have any consistent meter patterns, rhyme scheme or beatnik scheme, or any other type of pattern applied. in that location is no specific length that is has to be either. One would tend to view free verse poetry as if it were someone speaking. By having a free verse poem, it allows the reader to have a better attending of what the poem is about. The various structures that a poem can take on sometimes can take away and distract from the meaning and intention of the poem. In this poem, on that point isnt oft imagery for the imagery would take away from the meaning of the poem. As an author, it is important to use figurative language to create sentences that show and not tell. Within this poem, there is an attempt to capture and convey meaning through the emotion that is presented in the phrases. There was a hope that there would be a strong image left with the reader as well. While the poem reflects many aspects of free verse poetry is displayed, it isnt the best that could have been done. More metaphors and similes could have been employ to better create the phrases. Also, while there was an attempt to make it like spoken words, there still seems to be a rhythm taste to it. There were many changes that were made to poem from the help of peer reviews to try and remove that rhythm aspect that it had but with all those changes, it didnt seem to disappear. SonnetSonnets argon yet another form of poetry that is out there. A sonnet usually consists of fourteen lines and have iambic pentameter. There are many unlike rhyme schemes in which these... ...nto it as well. Come over here, Buddy We are going on an adventure Excited she ran after me. It was as if she could actually understand me. I took one final look into my hideout before I shut the door, for wherever I wa s going or headed, I surely wasnt going to be returning. Even though I spent most of my time down there being afraid of dying, it was the only safe lay out I could go and I will miss that place. It had been my home for so long, and probably was where I would have been spending the rest of my short lived life if I hadnt felt this sense of uneasiness. I sighed deeply, and began shutting the door. Calm down, Buddy, I muttered as he was shinnying at something. He had a tendency to bark at objects and things that actually never existed, so I didnt think twice about it. However when I turned around, I laid my eye on something, or rather yet someone.

Recollecting One’s Childhood Memory

Childhood is the most innocent fourth dimension of aboutones life. With the passage of time, childhood fades into adolescence and then adulthood, yet the sweet memories of childhood arse around on. My childhood recollections are those of a carefree life, nurtured with love and concern. I was the baby of the family with only one older sister. I dont remember much from when I was little, only when I have a few memories that have stuck with me throughout the years. My family lived in a one story, barn red house on 9th street.Two houses down the route lived my best friends grand perplex who babysat her almost every weekend ii houses up the road lived my sisters best friend, her two younger brothers, and across the street lived our other two friends. All of us would hangout every afternoon before dinner. In my mind nothing could go wrong, we were children who went to school, played and slept. I was in preschool at the time and one day I went to school and found out that my teachers c at had kittens and if my parents said it was okay, I was able to take one home.That night I asked my mother if I could bring one home, and she said when they were big enough, I could pick one out and bring it home. My favorite kitten was mostly gray with some calico spots, and I was able to take her home. I named her Call. I was so excited that I had my very own cat I couldnt wait to follow through her grow up. When I first took her home she was an in nerve cat only, but when she got bigger she was aloud outside. One day after school my sister and I went across the street to play with our friends and Call allowed, she loved to follow me around and play with me.While she was crossing the road, a car came and Instead of slowing down, they sped up and attain my cat In front of my sister and me. I was heartbroken and started bawling. My parents heard our screams and ran outside and across the street. My father picked me up and carried me home covering my eyes as we passed Call. When m y sister and I calmed down my dad went and got Call, dug a hole next to our move bush, and burled her. From that day on I never understand how people could be cruel to animals.I love all animals and my heart aches when I see a dead or hurt animal on the side of the road. This memory Is one of the few I remember from my childhood, I believe that this memory I have makes me love animals with my whole heart and subconsciously makes me daintiness my animals Like they are my children. My love for animals Is greater than the love I have for myself. Recollecting Ones Childhood Memory By Camaraderies spots, and I was able to take her home. I named her Call.I was so excited that I had school my sister and I went across the street to play with our friends and Call the road, a car came and instead of slowing down, they sped up and expunge my cat in carried me home covering my eyes as we passed Call. When my sister and I calmed down my dad went and got Call, dug a hole next to our rose bush , and buried her. Road. This memory is one of the few I remember from my childhood, I believe that makes me treat my animals like they are my children. My love for animals is greater.

HIV/AIDS in Human Services Essay

gentle immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a worldwide pandemic that has ravished the lives of countless millions of people, since its discovery, more than 30 years ago. human immunodeficiency virus/ aid can be routine to by all(a) three models of attend to delivery. Each of the models (Medical Model, Public Health Model and serviceman emoluments Model) may approach this resolution differently, but they all have the same central focus which is to combat this, ever evolving, global phenomenon. The Medical Model is going to address the issue of HIV/ support through four elements. First, the Medical Model will indentify symptom that lead to a diagnosis, then treatment of the unhealthiness and finally, research for a possible cure (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p. 99). The beginning(a) element, of symptoms, is a bit tricky in regards to HIV/ back up. Symptoms of HIV, which is short for human immunodeficiency virus, may not show up in a positive patient of for over a decade ( back up Healthcargon Foundation go over About HIV and AIDS, n.d.).AIDS, which stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, develops in the final stages of HIV. at once the patient has reached that point, the immune system is too weak to fight viruses and the body is more susceptible to acquire various cancers (AIDS Healthcargon Foundation Learn About HIV and AIDS, n.d.). Therefore, with HIV/AIDS, diagnosis of the disease will most likely come before the symptoms. Following symptoms and diagnosis, is the element of treatment. manipulation of HIV/AIDS comes in the form of Antiretrovirals (ARVs). Today, there are 31 antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat HIV infection (Treatment of HIV Infection, NIAID, NIH, 2012).These drug combinations work to give the HIV positive patients a longer, healthier life. ARVs are only a treatment to subdue the virus they are not a cure (Treatment of HIV Infection, NIAID, NIH, 2012). Th e final element, in the Medical Health Model, is cure. This year, at the International AIDS Conference in working capital D.C, which I personal attended, talk of a cure emerged. As of today, there is no proven cure to the virus, but we are at least on the way to an AIDS Free times, as promised by Hillary Clinton at this years AIDS Conference (Norman, 2012). The Medical Health Models strengths stay in treating the disease from the inside. But disease affects the whole person, not just their body. The Medical Health Model does not address the social or interpersonal issues associated with the virus.The mission of the Public Health Model is focused on promoting physical as well as mental health, cake and encouraging healthy behaviors (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p.109). In relation to HIV/AIDS, this means prevention in the form of pre/post-exposure prophylaxis treatment and education, as well as social action which includes advocacy.In July of this year, Truvada was approved as a PrEP or pre-exposure prophylaxis, which is an antiretroviral drug used in the prevention of HIV. Truvada can be prescribed for high-risk groups, such(prenominal) as the partners of HIV-positive people and zippy men (Pre-exposure Prophylaxis, n.d.). Other prevention methods are post-exposure prophylaxis treatment, used after exposure of the HIV virus and antiretroviral treatment as prevention.The most important method of prevention is education. Education of the basics of what exactly HIV is and how it is contracted as well as abstinence and sex education is essential. Finally, the Public Health Model concentrates on social action. The Public Health Model combats discolouration and discrimination, through social action, as it relates to HIV/AIDS. Individuals that are stigmatized are boostd to take action to turn down the forces that discriminate against them (Parker & Aggleton, n.d.).The Public Health Model addresses the issue of HIV/AIDS in the most comprehensive way. It combines me dical knowledge with community action skills (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p.109). The unity thing that it is missing is the attribute of problem-solving skills.Finally, the Human Service Model which considers the problem of the individual at heart the context of the environment (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p.116). The three main focal points of the Human Service Model are to enhance the clients well-being and quality of life, teach the client problem-solving skills and prevention (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p.118). Problem-solving is implemented through intervention within three areas emotions, thought or beliefs and behavior (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p.117). It is important for the Human Service Model to break through the stigma of the disease. Because the negative stigma attached to the disease is so huge, it prevents some from getting tested or treated or protecting themselves, not only against the disease but protection from transmission if they themselves are septic.The Human Servic e Model looks at the issue of HIV/AIDS from a whole person perspective. They must identify barriers of testing, treatment and prevention ground on such things as the individuals culture or religious beliefs. Then find ways to connect with them despite those barriers. Strengths of the Human Service Model are found in their dealing with the whole person. Their weakness lays in the lack of a medical stand point on the issue of HIV/AIDS. Two of the leading organization available to address the issue of HIV/AIDS are the International AIDS Society and UNAIDS. The International AIDS Society is made up of HIV professional from all over the world. It is todays leader in the worlds independent associations of such professionals (International AIDS Society About the IAS, n.d).Their mission states that they are a global movement of people working together to end the HIV epidemic, applying scientific evidence and best practice at every level of the HIV response (International AIDS Society IAS Mission, n.d). The main goals of the IAS are to encourage solutions to AIDS response issues through dialogue and debate (International AIDS Society About the IAS, n.d), purse to apply evidence based policies and programmes (International AIDS Society About the IAS, n.d) to strengthen the response to AIDS worldwide and to advocate significant research.Some of the ways that IAS is making a difference in the dry land of HIV is through research for a cure, conferences, such as the International AIDS Conference in Washington D.C. and policy advocacy. IAS is very effective in making changes and addressing issues in HIV. Another leading organization that is actively address the issue of HIV/AIDS is UNAIDS. UNAIDS is the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (Special Session fact sheets What is UNAIDS?, n.d.). They are the leading advocate for global action against HIV/AIDS.Its mission is to guide, strengthen and support worldwide efforts to turn the tide against the epidemic (Spec ial Session fact sheets What is UNAIDS?, n.d.). Among their goals are reducing sexual transmission preventing HIV among drug users eliminating new HIV infections among children, gender inequalities, stigma and discrimination, and travel restrictions (UNAIDS, n.d.). UNAIDS is making changes to the key issues related to HIV/AIDS in implementing care programs, as well as support for individuals not only infected with the disease, but affected by it in other ways (UNAIDS, n.d.).UNAIDS brings together the resources of the UNAIDS Secretariat and 10 UN system organizations for coordinated and accountable efforts to unite the world against AIDS (Our work, n.d.), in order to effectively make changes and address the issue of HIV/AIDS.Through the hard work and dedication of all three service models, we have the opportunity to possibly eradicate this globally devastating disease. This generation could just be lucky enough to see the end of HIV/AIDS.ReferencesAIDS Healthcare Foundation Learn Ab out HIV and AIDS. (n.d.). AIDS Healthcare Foundation HIV/AIDS Testing, Treatment, & Advocacy. Retrieved November 2012, from http//www.aidshealth.org/learn-about-it?gclid=CI-hppW917MCFUOK4AodA0YARA IAS Home Page. (n.d.). International AIDS Society. Retrieved from http//www.iasociety.org/ International AIDS Society About the IAS. (n.d.). International AIDS Society IAS Home Page. Retrieved from http//www.iasociety.org/AboutIAS.aspx International AIDS Society IAS Mission. (n.d.). International AIDS Society IAS Home Page. Retrieved from http//www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx?pageId=68 Norman, B. (2012, July 23). Hillary Clinton vows AIDS-free generation at conference Brett Norman POLITICO.com. Politics, Political News POLITICO.com. Retrieved from http//www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/78867.html Our work. (n.d.). UNAIDS. Retrieved from http//www.unaids.org/en/ourwork/ Parker, R., & Aggleton, P. (n.d.). HIV/AIDS-related Stigma and Discrimination A Conceptual Framework and an Agend a for Action. people Council Home.Retrieved from http//www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/sdcncptlfrmwrk.pdf Pre-exposure Prophylaxis. (n.d.). HIV & AIDS Information from AVERT.org. Retrieved November 2012, from http//www.avert.org/pre-exposure-prophylaxis.htm Special Session fact sheets What is UNAIDS? (n.d.). Welcome to the United Nations Its Your World. Retrieved from http//www.un.org/ga/aids/ungassfactsheets/html/fsunaids_en.htm Treatment of HIV Infection, NIAID, NIH. (2012, November 14). subject field Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Retrieved November 15, 2012, from http//www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/treatment/pages/default.aspx UNAIDS. (n.d.). UNAIDS. Retrieved from http//www.unaids.org/en/ What is ENUF? (n.d.). ENUF social action to resist HIV stigma and promote resilience. Retrieved November 2012, from http//www.enuf.org.au/home Woodside, M., & McClam, T. (2011). An introduction to human services. Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole Cengage Learn ing.

African American History: Tribute to Sojourner Truth

Documentary Film Analysis Worksheet History 221 African American History Before 1877 Instructions You will find the list of word-paintings you can choose from in the Lesson section of the course. Go to the list and pick your deal. You must fascinate the entire film. If you cant access films because of deployment, geographic location, or other reasons, please let your instructor know so they can give you an renewal assignment. Please type you answers into this sheet.You must submit the worksheet two ways 1) upload the worksheet as a Word document 2) cut and paste your answers into the student reaction box for the assignment. You must answer in complete sentences, using a short answer/paragraph format. 1. What is the title of the film you picked? The title of the film I decided to view is the Tribute to Sojourner Truth. 2. Why did you pick this film over the others offered? I chose this film over all the other offered because I treasured to learn a little more about the life of Sojourner Truth. . What is/are the central message(s) of this documentary/fictional film? Be specific. Use examples from the film to jump out your choice. The central message of this documentary was to let the world know how much Sojourner Truth is appreciated for her work as an abolitionist and other movements that she participated in. Many sight stood up and gave speeches about Sojourner Truth, such as Hilary Clinton who stated that she had the right name because she is a Sojourner of truth, for truth, and by truth. 4.Consider the effectiveness of the film for this history class. What are its strengths and weaknesses of this film in documenting history? This films strength was shown through all the famous people that got up to speak about Sojourner Truth with much pride and respect. Hilary Clinton, Cicely Tyson, and Yolanda Adams were among many others that paying tribute to Sojourner Truth through speeches and song. This film had no weaknesses in my opinion. 5. How do you th ink the filmmakers want the audience to respond? Is there a social justice message? If so, what is it?I think that the filmmakers want the audience to respond with appreciation because of all the things that Sojourner fought for, among her movements she fought against capital murder and she also fought for womens rights. There is a loving Justice message that everyone should be treated equal no matter race or gender. 6. Did the documentary leave you with any unanswered questions? If so, what were they? This film did not leave me with any unanswered questions. This film fully informed me of the many movements that Sojourner Truth was involved in. . How did this film change any misconceptions or stereotypes you had about the theme matter? If so, what were they? This film did not change any misconceptions or stereotypes that I had because I didnt have any. 8. Did the documentary leave you with any unanswered questions? If so, what were they? This film did not leave me with any unans wered questions. This film fully informed me of the many movements that Sojourner Truth was involved in. 9. What is the most important thing you learned from ceremonial occasion the film?The most important thing that I learned from watching this film was that Sojourner Truth was the first African American woman to be recognize with a memorial at the Capitol. 10. Why is this film important to understanding modern-day African American History? This film is important to understanding contemporary African American History because this tribute is a part of history, she is the first African American woman to be honored in the capitol and let us not forget the mark she made in the womens movement.

New Product Marketing Plan Essay

In the continuation of the profit marketing excogitate for plait evoke, the close of the market segmentation entrust allow for further development of the necessary elements to introduce the crossroad line into todays market. As such, the detailing of the line of merchandise target market profile key buying behaviors and organizational target markets will shed light on the potential customers and the methods behind their reasoning for desire out such crossways. Along with the management of the ingathering Life Cycle (PLC), as well as the return mix and positioning statement for twirl present, this second part of the product marketing plan will expand upon elements of marketing.Target Market ProfilesMillions of people worldwide are affected by blursbreadth way out or thinning. According to Statisticbrian.com (2014), approximately 56 million men and women experience bull loss. Estimates indicate that by the age of 60, 65% of men and 80% of women will experience notice able hair loss or thinning. Statistics indicate that as men and women age, the likelihood of hair loss emergences. For those not affected by thinning or loss will usually experience graying hair over time. Tress Express Products line of emergency cosmetic hair dole out solutions targets aging adults affected by hair thinning, loss, and graying. Tress Express Products customers are concerned with health, energy, and wellness.They look for quick fixes that provide instant improvement. They are open to new(a) products that save them time, make life easier, and are cost effective. Tress Express Products customers are motivated by their current life stage rather than their age. emolument and low-price items are valued by them. They are less sensitive to prestige. If they feel they are purchasing a superior product at a devout value they are less price conscious.Product Life CycleFour stages exist in the product life cycle introduction, harvest-tide, mature, and declining stage (Wha t is Your Product Life Cycle, 2014). Each of the stages consists of action the businesses take to introduce, manufactures, and market the product to consumers. The first stages starts with product development into the consumer market. During the introduction stage, the business launches the product into the market while providing especial(a) consideration to pricing, market segmentation, branding, and promotional materialal requirements (What is Your Product Life Cycle, 2014). Growth follows introduction as the second stage to product life cycle. During the growth stage, the comp some(prenominal) attempts to increase market share by expanding the target audience, increase product awareness, and enter additional markets (What is Your Product Life Cycle, 2014). The third stage consists of maturity. Rick Suttle characterizes maturity as the saturated stage in the product life cycle process.During the maturity stage, the competition for market share becomes fierce. Businesses adopt alt ernative business strategies such as lowering product prices, adding additional products into the market, or add new features into the existing product (Suttle, 2014). The decline stage completes the product life cycle process. During the decline stage, the product becomes obsolete and irrelevant. The company locoweed either add new features to the product to entice customer to return or discontinue production. The demand for hair loss treatment products has increased over the years. The increasing demand presents an opportunity for a company to introduce a new product into the market. However, introducing a new product into the market presents various challenges for a business especially if the industry has a leading product provider such as Rogaine. The company needs to plan and monitor the life cycle process to ensure product longevity.Following the four stages of product life cycle with special consideration to product, place, price, and promotion provides a guide to ensure a p osition and sufficient share in the market. Introducing a hair loss product into the market serves a vital government agency to the companys success. The plan requires aggressive medical enquiry, testing, and promotion to ensure product meets consumer expectations. The company needs to focus on product differentiation to hear the product from its competitors. Furthermore, the company needs to conduct price comparison with leadingcompetitors to establish the selling price.The price needs to accommodate the targeted consumer in the introduction phase. Furthermore, the promotion of the product requires an aggressive approach by incorporating multi-media means such as social networking, media advertising, and printing. Growing market shares extends the life of the product. The product life cycle characterized growth as the expansion of the product. The company can accomplish growth by either extending product awareness through additional promotional objectives or expanding product qua lities.However, the company needs to examine before undertaking endeavors intended to increase growth. The endeavors may increase the cost of the product that will translate to price increase that will have a negative effect to revenues. During the maturity stage the market becomes saturated with other competitors. If the market demands remained constant and suppliers increases, the demand for companys hair loss product may decrease. During this stage, the company needs to undertake drastic changes in order to prevent decline. The company needs to reinvest on research and development to introduce new products or increase product differentiation.Furthermore, the company needs to increase its consumer reach or lower the price without compromising the caliber of the product to gain market advantage over its competitors. The decline stage ends the product life cycle process. During the decline stage, the company re-invents its product to gain any possible momentum. A study of the marke t also serves vital to determine if the market remain profitable. The company can end its product manufacturing during the decline stage and sells remaining products in preparation for the end.Product OfferingTress Express Products offers low cost emergency cosmetic hair care solutions. Tress Express currently offers three products to combat gray hair. The Gray Blaster Pen, a gray cover up applicator pen, Gray Away Hair spray conceals thin spots, and Hairline Concealer kit fills in the hairline with the use of makeup brushes and a palette of hair concealer powders. Tress Express is introducing a new hair dye product called Gray Away Henna Dye. Gray Away Henna Dye is an all- indwelling hair dye that bonds with your hair and specialty herbs condition the hair and scalp. This product will be available in six hair colors. The hair colors will be black, light brown,red, auburn, blonde, and dark brown.Developing a natural hair dye product, will appeal to the eco-friendly consumers. The b randing will be consistent with the current products developed by Tress Express Product to include logotype and company tag line. The Gray Away Henna Dye will be packaged in a box featuring the hair color contained within the box. The box will also emphasize the All-Natural tagging. This product is along the lines of competitive or substitute henna dyes on the market, but Tress Expresss henna dye is safe to mix with other colors and nourishes as it colors. No warranties or guarantees will be offered. This product will provide other low cost option to our emergency cosmetic hair care solutions.Positioning Statement and JustificationThinning and balding hair is a natural occurrence that affects both men and women of all ages. Tress Express caters to everyone who faces hair loss challenges. Tress Express is the first choice for emergency hair solutions. Tress Express is positioned as the premier hair emergency solution that provides quick and easy hair balding products that are cost effective. Tress Express hair care products provide the simplest and most cost effective solutions for thinning hair. Tress Express was created to assist both men and women with achieving their best look.With Tress Express anyone can eliminate embarrassment in an instant. Tress Express will help to create a polished impeccable image for all of its customers. With Tress Express in seconds your appearance will make a lasting impression. Tress Express prides itself on restoring a youthful look and boosting confidence through hide problem spots for both men and women. Our products can help anyone achieve the appearance of full natural looking hair.ReferencesStatisticbrian.com 2014. Hair Loss Statistics. Retrieved from http//www.statisticbrain.com/hair- loss-statistics/Suttle, R. 2014. Four Stages of a Product Life Cycle. Retrieved on November 2, 2014 from http//www.ehow.com/info_8123597_four-stages-product-life-cycle.html What is Your Product Life Cycle. 2014. Retrieved on November 2, 2014 from http//www.more-for-small-business.com/product-life-cycle.html

Advantages and Disadvantages of Being a Vegetarian

Today, vegetarian feed has gained extreme popularity each over the globe. It is preferred by a offspring of people throughout the world. It is said that a vegetarian fodder is a key to wellnessy life. Some organizations working for the animal rights are strictly against eating meat, look for or poultry. Vegetarian diet typically consists of whole grains, vegetables and fruits. They are, no doubt, good for health. But have you ever thought whether vegetarian meals are complete? Can it fulfill all the nutritional requirements of the body? Well, there are certain advantages and disadvantages of being vegetarian.What are they? Advantages Vegetarian diet mainly includes grains, nuts, cereals, seeds, beans, vegetables and fruits. Hence, it is rich in fiber, folate and vitamin C. Vegetables and fruits provide vitamins and minerals that are infixed for a sizeable body. Beans, tofu, seeds are some good sources of proteins. Vegetables consist of phytochemicals, which prevent some chroni c diseases. Green leafy vegetables are the rich source of antioxidants. Vegetables and fruits as well provide natural sugars, beneficial enzymes and trace elements.It contains low amount of fats, cholesterin and saturated fats. As a result, it minimizes the risk of weight gain. This, in turn, reduces the possibilities of developing the health problems caused by obesity. Vegetarian diet is also helpful for healthy weight loss. A vegetarian diet lowers the blood cholesterol levels and decreases the risk of various disorders such as richly blood pressure, stroke, heart diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, kidney diseases, gallstones and cancer. Due to intake of high fiber diet, digestive health is improved.Vegetarianism protects you from certain food-borne diseases such as bird flu, mad terrify disease, intestinal parasites, etc. Disadvantages Although vegetarian diet provides all the essential nutrients, there are certain factors that we can get in more amounts f rom the meat or fish. Vegetarian diet is found to be low in proteins, calcium, vitamin B12, iron and zinc. Vitamin B12 is found in soy products, fortified cereals and animal products in abundant amount. Meat is considered as the major source of vitamin B12. Soymilk, milk and other dairy products are the rich sources of vitamin D.Meat, chicken, fish and poultry contain more quantities of iron and zinc. Milk, cheese and yogurt are glorious sources of calcium. These nutrients are not found in large quantities in the vegetarian diet. Meat is a rich source of proteins and contains all the essential amino acids required by the body. Phosphorus present in the meat is easily absorbed than that present in legumes and cereals. Vegetarian diet is not recommended for bodybuilders, as they require a protein-rich diet. A diet lacking in sufficient carbohydrates and proteins can lead to anemia.Bowel irregularities can be commonly seen among the vegetarians. If your diet is totally free from fats , then its not good, because certain amounts of cholesterol and fat is necessary for the development of the nervous system and normal body functioning. Although, there are certain disadvantages of vegetarian diet, it definitely offers a number of health benefits. If you in good order plan your diet, you can overcome the problem of nutrient deficiencies and improve your physical fitness and overall health. After all, healthy eating is a key to healthy living.

Net Neutrality Paper

Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private or corporate self-command of groovy goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the statistical distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a openhanded market. (Merriam-Webster Online, 2010) The unify States of America is considered a free market, in some cases. Internet Seen,ice Providers own the tangible occupations and pipes providing the service of connectivity to the internet. They are the bridge. They own the bridge. In a free market, they can regulate heir bridge how they see fit, within the parameters of the equity.This same model is expressed by cell phone companies in the communion industry as well as cable companies in the boob tube industry. Cellular phone companies own only the variables that make up their network. They then deal you service to connect to their network based off of their interpretation of what the market will allow. They dictate what you pay, how much usage you are allowed and what types of usages are allowed. bloodline companies evolved in the same manner. Once a free entertainment source is now a billion dollar year industry marked with the footprints of capitalism.Cable companies put by the ground work to make the cable experience what it is today. In return, they profit from their investments to do so. They also dictate what we pay and what types of usage we are allowed. These cable and cellular communication companies have thrived in our free market mentality but in the same instance have been regulated by government when it applies to the internet. In the same way they own the physical cables, the pipes underground, the satellites and the air space, they are providing the bridge.Without their bridges, the consumer cannot access the internet. In a free market society, we tell companies to manage their business consort to what the market will allow. The market has allowed the cell phone industry to operate without regulation. The cable companies have thrived without regulation under the allowance of the market. The internet is no different. dimension is any physical or intangible entity that is owned or possessed by a person or jointly by a concourse of people. Property is synonymous with ownership.Ownership is the exclusive right to possess and dispose of what oh own. When you pull out the government, you take out socialism, and when you remove the rights of ownership and place the benefits broadly on the least able to pay for them, you have communism. It isnt yet clear if socialism will work in the U. S. , and it is doubly doubtful that communism (aka Net neutrality) will ever work. (Ender, 2010) In economic terms, calculability is the ability to exclude others from office of a good. Rivalry is when one persons use of a good diminishes anothers ability to use that good.When you have a imaging that doesnt have calculability but does display rivalry you hav e what is known as Tragedy of the Commons which is an overused, under maintained resource (aka the free-rider problem). In Africa arose the possibility of the elephant becoming extinct from humans killing them for their hides and tusks. Two countries decided to act against this problem, Kenya and Rhodesia. Kenya took the approach of placing a ban on elephant run while Rhodesia gave property owners Private Property Rights to the elephants with incentives for elephant maintenance.Jennys elephant population decreased while Rhodesia increased dramatically. The conclusion of when property rights are given, ownership of property motivates protection and solicitude for the property more efficiently than federal regulations. In economic terms the internet would be classified as an Clubbable resource. The classification of rival or non-rival is debatable collect to bandwidth. However if we look at this example from the rival standpoint, it bears identical resemblance of the private goods industry.When property rights are given with incentives, the elephant will prosper. If ownership is revoked and regulations are implemented by government, we have Tragedy of the harshs. Sips currently dont have incentives to make broadband bandwidth accessible in all parts of our country due to lack of profitability. Therefore our elephant population (internet) will decrease. This is a simple example of how capitalism is a great model for economical success. It is the same model that has wrought our country for over two centuries. Why the model is continually changing I do not know.The Internet is not public property. Telecommunications companies have pass billions Of dollars on network infrastructure all over the world. They did so in the hope of selling communications services to customers willing to pay for them. The government has no right to effectively nationalize Sips by telling them how run their networks. Proponents of net neutrality love to invent hypothetical scenarios of ways companies could abuse customers. It is true that a free society gives people the freedom to be stupid, wrong, and even malicious.The great thing about capitalism is that it also gives people the freedom to decide whom they penury to do business with. A socialized Internet takes away that freedom and turns it over to politicians and lobbyists. Why do net neutrality advocates ridicule politicians for impairing the Internet to a series of tubes, and then trust them to regulate it? (vessels, 2007) The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has the ability to regulate wireless network providers by reclassifying them as Title II common carrier services, essentially equating them with cable and phone companies.That type of regulation would allow the FCC to impose traffic equality laws on all carriers, where under Washmans intention wireless providers would have been exempt. Verizon, AT and wireless association ACTA have opposed the PCs measures, while Google, Faceable and Keep , among various public interest groups strongly supported them. (Prism, 2010) Phone and cable companies have argued that increased regulation of Internet practices could have a detrimental effect on the industry. They argue that tough regulations could deter network investments and hinder the enlargement of broadband infrastructure.The free-speech objection to net neutrality has also gained some ground recently. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCAA) and AT&T began citing First Amendment objections to net neutrality in public discussions and in filings with the FCC this year. The free-speech argument states that, by interfering with how phone and cable companies deliver Internet traffic the government would be manipulating the free-speech rights of providers such as AT&T, Verizon and Compass. Jerome, 201 0) The Federal Communications Commission first established rules in 1 965 for cable systems which received signals by microwave antennas. In March 1 966, the Co mmission established rules for all cable systems (whether or not served by microwave). The Supreme Court affirmed the Commissions jurisdiction over cable in United States v. Southwestern Cable Co. , 392 US. 157 (1968). The Court ruled that the Commission has reasonably concluded that regulatory authority over CATV is imperative if it is to perform with appropriate effectiveness original of its responsibilities. The Court found the Commission needed authority over cable systems to assure the preservation of local broadcast service and to effect an equitable distribution of broadcast services among the various regions of the country. In March 1 972, new rules regarding cable television became effective. These rules required cable television operators to obtain a corroboration Of compliance from the Commission prior to operating a cable elevation system or adding a television broadcast signal.The rules applicable to cable operators uncivilized into several broad subject areas franch ise standards, signal carriage, network programme non-duplication and syndicated program exclusivity, non-broadcast or cable casting services, cross-ownership, equal employment opportunity, and technical standards. Cable television operators who originated programming were subject to equal time, Fairness Doctrine, sponsorship identification and other provisions similar to rules applicable to broadcasters.Cable operators were also required to maintain certain records ND to file annual reports with the Commission concerning general statistics, employment and finances. In succeeding years, the Commission modified or eliminated many of the rules. Among the more significant actions, the Commission deleted close to of the franchise standards in 1 977, substituted a registration process for the certificate of compliance application process in 1978, and eliminated the distant signal carriage restrictions and syndicated program exclusivity rules in 1980.In 1 983, the Commission deleted its requirement that cable operators file financial information. In addition, court actions led to the deletion of the pay cable programming rules in 1977. In October 1 984, the U. S. sex act amended the Communications dissemble of 1 934 by adopting the Cable Communications policy Act of 1984. The 1 984 Cable Act established policies in the areas of ownership, channel usage, franchise provisions and renewals, subscriber rates and privacy, obscenity and lockers, unauthorized reception of services, equal employment opportunity, and pole attachments.The new law also defined jurisdictional boundaries among federal, state and local authorities for regulating cable elevation systems. Following the 1984 Cable Act, the number of households subscribing to cable television systems increased, as did the channel capacity of many cable systems. However, competition among distributors of cable services did not increase, and, in many communities, the rates for cable services far outpaced inflation. Responding to these problems, Congress enacted the Cable Television Consumer protection and Competition Act of 1992.The 1 992 Cable Act mandated a number of changes in the manner in which cable television is regulated. In adopting the 1 992 Cable Act, Congress dated that it wanted to promote the availability of diverse views and information, to rely on the marketplace to the maximum extent mathematical to achieve that availability, to determine cable operators continue to expand their capacity and program offerings, to ensure cable operators do not have undue market power, and to ensure consumer interests are protected in the receipt of cable service.The Commission has adopted regulations to implement these goals. In adopting the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Congress noted that it wanted to provide a pro-competitive, De-regulatory national policy ramekin designed to accelerate rapidly private sector deployment of advanced telecommunications and information technologies and ser vices to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition. The Commission has adopted regulations to implement the requirements of the 1996 Act and the intent of Congress. General Cable Television Industry and Regulation Information Fact Sheet, 2000) In the end livelihood contains complex decision making decisions that come from those with opposing opinions. If we take positive economic results from the past and try to replicate them today, it might begin with clear and crisp repertory rights pertaining to the internet. Let the free and open market drive competition to fuel creativity and innovation.

The Doping Dilemma

Analytical Summary Paper The Doping Dilemma In The Doping Dilemma, Michael Shermer writes about the consequences and the morality behind performance enhancing substances in professional sports. He begins with an anecdote, which describes the feeling of getting dropped by your competitors on a climb (4202). As described by the occasion in the culture of the story, every athlete has a genetic limitation that regular training cannot exceed (4214). According to Shermer, the all thing to be do is to dope.Arguing that, in order for an individual to stay competitive nowadays, he needs to make use of performance enhancing substances. Shermer concludes that todays drugs be better, harder to test, and the incentives usually promote them (4218/4229). The author effectively argues that there should be a direct shift on the incentives regarding sports doping. His experience read as a reflective biography to young competitors who atomic number 18 now starting, and to those who are already veterans.He believes that sports should return to the foundation of celebrating those rewarded by excellence, aided only by their determination to succeed. Shermer points out the scenario professional athletes hit been facing since the 1990s. Making performance enhancing drugs part of the teams medical program, team members are bound to embrace illegal substances in their prep sooner they are cut from the team (4216). According to Shermer, his reasons for competing did not match the principles behind doping.He was a thirty-year-old academic with a career to return to, cycling still to test his physical limitations. However, he could relate to the young, amateur athletes who earn their living through sports and have no other ambitions in life, other than compete and win. These same(p) athletes, who are convinced that everyone else dopes therefore, they should do it too (4217). Even though we rather deceive our minds from even considering that such competitors use drugs, we are l ead to believe that they are left without option and provide from athletic departments, teams, and confederations.From my perspective, it is clear why, many times, our idols end up giving in to illicit substances. First of all, due to the evolution of drugs the exertion for these products has experienced an unpredictable growth in demand, making researchers and developers work harder on the final product to be more effective. Second, the competition between takers and testers has been consistently win by those guilty of the cause. Consequently, emphasizing the scientists advantage whose work is constantly and solely dedicated to mislead testers to over perform them in their own game.In supplement to that, I believe that amateur athletes begin their journey as sportsman at a relatively young age. Uneducated and immature, without familiar and technical support to backside them up, they might end up on the wrong track towards success. Very early the doping chain reaches them pro fessionals dope in order to stay competitive, and, before they know, they are doping too however, simply to compete. While Shermer asserts that the third reason for the success of doping is the incentive behind it, he provides multiple concrete ideas to shift the incentive back to competing in compliance.Ideas such as immunity to athletes for past doping improve the testing methods by doing it more often, through independent agencies right after competitions reward the development of unknown testing methods increase the competitors penalty and make the appeal system fair and trustful and finally, disqualify the team even if only one member is on a lower floor use of drugs. According to the author, Nash equilibrium needs to be reached in sports. This means that, in sports, the appeal to cheating needs to be reverted so that it has a lower utility cost than playing by the book (42211/42312).From his suggestions, I believe that readers might start to find that sports are not as ethica l, truthful and fair as they have once judged to be. Essentially, the publics disbelief to professional sports is rather due to their shock with reality, than because of the existent cheating taking place. Since the issue with incentives is so acute, Shermer provides a very truthful and transparent analysis in his recommendations to grant once again belief to the spectators that sports could by chance become about honor, and not dishonesty.Given that the author is a competitor himself, it makes the reader more likely to consider his words of wisdom, especially because he offers examples of true accounts and events. To punctuate his recommendation analysis and to propose a deeper brain, he uses the mathematician, John Forbes Nash, to persuade the reader towards his ideology. After reading this, spectators will have a better understanding of the false driving force behind the sports industry. However, they will be more incisive when making onesty have a greater utility cost than cheating. Shermers analysis not only reveals what has been unknown, only when it also raises public pressure on confederations to reward those who really deserve to compete. According to the facts mentioned above, I believe a major change in attitude from big decision makers is needed in order to achieve transparency in sports. Young athletes should be under constant supervision and support, so that they are correctly directed towards professionalism.The right people should consistently check competitors at high-levels, making their will to cheat reducing by escalating the risk of doing so. Finally, I believe that my ideas provoke a deeper understanding of what is behind the publics superficial vision of sports competition. They emphasize the lack of take to be by those who dope, the obvious absence of ethics, and the insufficient structure and support to incoming athletes, making us view and understand that what drives people is not being the best, but coming first which are t wo completely different things.

Argument of Jonestown Death as a Mass Suicide Essay

The Jonestown Massacre, which had a death toll of 918 people (Rosenberg, 2003), can in the main, be regarded as galvanic pile suicide or what in the words of the founder Jim Jones was termed subverter suicide. This is because altogether but one of temple members, Christine Miller, back up Jones evokeion of revolutionary suicide (Jonestown Audiotape, 1978). Jim McElvane, a former therapist, assisted Jones by arguing against Millers resistance to suicide, stating Lets view it a beautiful day. This statement was followed by encomium from Temple members. In addition to Jim McElvane, several other temple members gave speeches praising Jones and his decision for the residential district to give suicide (Jonestown Audiotape, 1978). Some instances that preceded the ugly event and suggest it as mass suicide include i. snow-covered Nights revolutionary suicide rehearsalsA Temple defector Deborah Layton recalled that after work, when purported emergencies arose, the Temple sometimes co nducted what rev. Jones referred to as albumin Nights. During such events, Jones would sometimes give the Jonestown members four choices (i) attempt to flee to the Soviet Union (ii) commit revolutionary suicide (iii) stay in Jonestown and fight the purported attackers or (iv) flee into the jungle. On at least ii occasions during White Nights, after a revolutionary suicide vote was reached, a simulated mass suicide was rehearsed (Layton, 1998). Deborah Layton expound the event in an affidavit Everyone, including the children, was told to line up. As we passed through the line, we were given a beautiful glass of red liquid to drink. We were told that the liquid contained poison and that we would fall within 45 minutes.We all did as we were told. When the time came when we should bring forth dropped dead, Rev. Jones explained that the poison was not real and that we had just been through a verity test. He warned us that the time was not far off when it would become necessary for us to become flat by our own hands (Affidavit of Deborah Layton, 1998). From the above statement culled from Affidavit of Deborah Layton, it is evidently clear that Temple members be fully aw ar that a time will come when it will become necessary for them to die by their own hands. Although, they were not told when or how the suicide will occur (Rosenberg, 2003).ii. Notes from non-surviving residents of Peoples TempleNotes from the non-surviving residents of the Peoples Temple suggest that the event at Jonestown was a mass suicide. Similar to the suicide note usually written by individuals that commit the anti- well-disposed act, notes found at the scene of the event in Jonestown suggest it was mass suicide. Found undecomposed the body of Marceline Jones (wife of Jim Jones) was a typewritten note, dated November 18, 1978, signed by Marceline Jones and witnessed by Annie Moore and Maria Katsaris, stating I, Marceline Jones, bring out all vernacular assets in my name to the Comm unist Party of the USSR.The above bank accounts are located in the money box of Nova Scotia, Nassau, Bahamas. Please be original that these assets do get to the USSR. I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell. For anyone who finds this letter, please honor this request as it is most important to myself and my husband, crowd W. Jones (Letter from Marceline Jones, 1978). Annie Moore left a note, which in part statedI am at a foreland right now so embittered against the world that I dont know why I am writing this. Someone who finds it will weigh I am crazy or consider in the barbed wire that does NOT exist in Jonestown. Moore also wrote, JONESTOWNthe most peaceful, loving community that ever existed. The children loved it. So did everyone else. The last line, Moore wrote We died because you would not let us live in peace. in different color ink (Last words Annie Moore, 1978).iii. Leo Ryan Delegations ReportAnother turn up that characterized the death at Jonestown as mass suicide is the U.S congressman Leo Ryans report of his consider to Jonestown. Ryan stated that none of the sixty (60) relatives Ryan had targeted for interviews wanted to leave Jonestown, the 14 defectors constituted a very small portion of Jonestowns residents, that any sense of imprisonment the defectors had was likely because of peer pressure and a privation of physical transportation, and even if 200 of the 900+ wanted to leave Id still say you have a beautiful place here (Hall, 1989). Similarly, Washington Post reporter Charles Krause stated that, on the expressive style back to the airstrip, he was unconvinced that Jonestown was as bad as defectors had claimed because there were no signs of malnutrition or physical abuse, while many members appeared to enjoy Jonestown and only a small number of the over 900 residents expressed willingness to leave (Layton, 1999).Lastly, in 1978, officials from the un ify States Embassy in Guyana interviewed Social Security recipients on multiple occasions to make sure they were not being held against their will (Pear, 1978). None of the 75 people interviewed by the Embassy stated that they were being held against their will, were squeeze to sign over welfare checks, or wanted to leave Jonestown (Wessinger, 2000).Jonestown as a Religio-political Movement Vs embodied ActionFounded in 1956 by Reverend Jim Jones, the Peoples Temple (known also as Jonestown) was a racially merged church purported to practice what it called apostolic socialism (Dawson, 2003, Time Magazine, 2008) that focused on helping people in need. Jones had a vision of a communist community, one in which everyone lived together in harmony and worked for the viridity good (Rosenberg, 2003). This is similar to the communist movement proposed by Karl Marx and Marx followers. Thus, distinct from various scholarly views on bodied behavior, Jones aligned this religious cum political ideology with the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet socialist Republics, Worlds renowned socialist movement. Unlike any routine or non-routine corporate action, Jones purported to show Jonestown as a benevolent communist community, stating I believe were the purest communists there are (Pear, 1978).Marceline Jones (wife of Jim Jones) described Jonestown as dedicated to live for socialism, total economic and racial and social equality. We are here subsisting communally (Dawson, 2003). After the days work ended, Temple members would attend several hours of activities in a pavilion structure, including classes on socialism (Layton, 1998). Discussions around the topics raised often took the form of Jones usually portraying the United States as a capitalist and imperialist villain, while casting socialist leaders, such as matrimony Korean leader Kim Il-sung, Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe and Joseph Stalin, in a ordained light (Hall, 1987). Another factor that distinguished Jonesto wn from collective action is that it lacked some elements of collective actions identified by Useem (1998) such as riots, rebellion, and civil violence, planned and unpremeditated protests, destructive barricades, peaceful and violent demonstrations, aggressive display of grievances, and so forth.Furthermore, unlikely of collective actions, Jonestown participated actively in politics. Founder Jim Jones was appointed as the Chairman San Francisco Housing Authority Commission (Reiterman and trick, 1982). Both in surmise and practice, Jonestown is a religio-political movement. Jonestown strongly supported communist movement of the Soviet Union and identified with them. Prior to their eventual(prenominal) death, Jones wrote a letter, on behalf of Peoples Temple (apostolic socialism church) , to the Embassy of the Soviet Union in Guyana in which he instructed that all their assets be given to the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. However, it is intellectually educative to conclude by bringing to mind that Jonestown ended as a collective action continuance to their revolutionary suicide which has been severally argued as a collective decision of the Peoples Temple resident members at the time of the event.Theoretical Explanations of Jonestown Eventi. Social identity guess One hypothetical tradition that provides decent explanation to the Jonestown event is social identity surmisal. Developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in 1979, the theory was originally developed to understand the psychological basis of inter separate discrimination, and to identify the minimal conditions that would lead members of one company to discriminate in favor of the in- mathematical group to which they belonged and against another out-group (Tajfel et al., 1986). Generally, a social identity is the portion of an individuals self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group. Social identity theory asserts that group membership c reates ingroup/ self-categorization and enhancement in ways that favor the in-group at the expense of the out-group. This quest for positive distinctiveness means that peoples sense of who they are is defined in terms of we preferably than I. This is exactly what transpired in Jonestown.In application, it is obvious that at various forums, statements like I believe were the purest communists there are (Pear, 1978), We are here living communally, Lets make it a beautiful day (Dawson, 2003), dominated Jones, Marceline and other Temple members discussions. ii. Social Solidarity Theory Another theoretical paradigm that dominated the terrain of the study of movements and collective actions in the 1960s is social solidarity theory. The theory is an off-shoot of Emile Durkheims functionalist theory on 1938. According to Durkheim, collective conscience and social solidarity constitute customary belief and sentiments. solidarity, rather than meager integration, provides the necessary cond itions of collective action, and rebellions, protest, collective violence, and related forms of action result from rational pursuit of shared interests(Useem, 1984).Without this common sentiment or agreement, solidarity would be impossible. Citing Tilly and others, Useem (1998) opined that solidarity refers to dense social networks and a strong collective identity. This shared sentiment, solidarity and group consciousness characterized the underlying principles for the formation of Jonestown. Members see themselves as the same and they stood pungently against the U.S capitalism and imperialism. As such, Rev Jim Jones and Temple members moved to establish a community where communalism, egalitarianism and equality will dominates.ReferencesCatherine Wessinger (2000) How the Millennium Comes violently From Jonestown to Heavens Gate ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3, p. 31-34. Dawson, Lorne L. (2003). Cults and new religious movements a reader. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 194. ISBN 1-4051-0181-4. Annie Mo ore (1978) Last Words from Annie Moore Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown reckon San Diego State University. Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com on twenty-fourth October, 2012. Layton, Deborah (1998) Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1998. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 53. Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com on 24th October, 2012. Layton, Deborah (1999). Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. xix (Krause forward) Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com on 24th October, 2012. Marceline Jones (1978).Letter from Marceline Jones Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project San Diego State University. Pear, Richard. State Explains Response to Cult Letters. Washington Star News. November 26, 1978. Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 485. Rosenberg Jennifer (2003) The Jonestown Massacre retrieved from http//history1900s.about.com/od/1970s/p/jone stown.htm on 24th October,2012. Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel and L. W. Austin (eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chigago Nelson-Hall Time Magazine, Mass Suicide at Jonestown 30 Years Later, 2008. Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com on 24th October, 2012. Useem Bert (1998) Breakdown Theories of Collective Action Annual Review Sociology 1998. 24215. Useem B. (1997). The state and collective disorders The Los Angeles riot/protest of April, 1992. Sociology Forces 76357 -77

The Principle Agent Problem Between Shareholders And Managers Accounting Essay

Economic opening speculates that a house s arrest is to capitalise on stockh disuseders richesiness accomplishable with entrepreneurial house since proprietors argon directors. only, ownership presents is significantly diluted, with companies own by big stock learner groups. This causes the separation of ownership and attention which hinders the descent between stockholders and directors where directors replace stockholders matter with their ain. This may be due to cultivation dissymmetry 1 where directors suck the power to move in treaty to stockholder demands. This is known as the place communication channel and is common in modern corporate.Under this theory the relationship is formed through a binding contract whereby principal s ( stockholders ) ap organise the agents ( directors ) to swan to death services with authorization to do de boundinations. However such contracts are imperfect as the impracticality to involve every action of the agent whose determi nations has an impact on their and the principal s benefits. in that respectfore, self interested expression arises in brasss as the involvement of both parties diverges, i.e. principal s involvement respects maximization of stockholders wealth ( net income maximization ) whereas agent s involvement lies in ain public-service corporation maximization ( bonuses/ forwarding ) . Stockholders permit directors to run the house s assets prove in a struggle of involvement. The cardinal job therefore is to aline the involvements of both parties.Further to a greater extent, principals expect jury of managers to establish their determinations on maximizing equity value. However the board of managers expect directors to follow schemes that support their ends. This state of affairs illustrates that stockholders have no direct scuttle besidest into the functioning and hence have no power to state directors what to make. This issue arises because of the separation of ownership and run i nto and therefore directors are able to prosecute ends good to them and unfavorable to stockholders. Over each(prenominal), withdrawal between the two parties incr quenchs inadequateness of end congruity.The inquiry arises as to why stockholders do non supervise direction? There are triad grounds why taking mark take away causes troubles. ( 1 ) Expensive to supervise managerial activities as obtaining information is with child(p) ( 2 ) disgruntled stockholders are unable to present menaces in order to cut go across unwanted managerial behavior i.e. engaging an discloseside member and ( 3 ) dispersed stockholders have an incentive to unaffixed drive . Keasy et al 1997 regards the above as sparing costs to monitoring.These restrictions pose jobs for stockholder wealth since unwanted managerial actions takes topographic point in the absence of control. Stockholders may present inducement bundles which accept net income related fillips, public presentation, publicity induce ments and promote employees to purchase portions which increase their rewards, to promote agents to do optimum attempt . Due to the above jobs, states have developed systems which carry aside independent monitoring and control of the house in order to aline the all overall end.OECD 1999 stated that corporate garbage disposal social organisation specifies the scattering of rights and duties among polar participants in the corporation, and spells out the regulations and processs for doing determinations on corporate personal businesss. By making this, it besides provides the construction through which the comp all aims are set, and the agencies of achieving those aims and superintendence public presentation. In UK capital markets play a overcritical function where portion monetary values advocates public presentation degrees. Management s focal point is to maximise stockholders wealth through the usage of independent board of managers. The fright of coup detat commands forc es direction to permit impelling actions. Approximately 50 % of portions are held by institutional investors bespeaking dominant ownership. Cadbury Report 1992 provinces big comparison of stockholder ownership influence company s actions.In 2008 the Financial coverage council developed the feature Code i.e. assorted reports/codes refering good corporate judicature. The most influential is Cadbury Report 1992 2 , was produced as the wishing of supervising direction activities caused several dirts whereby executives acted in their involvement. Initially, Polly Peck 3 went into settlement after old ages of false chronicle taking to size uping of the fiscal facets and answerability. However after the cozenage of BCCI and Robert Maxwell, they revised the relationship between boards, hearers and stockholders. The reason study states CEO s and Chairman s of companies should be separated. Jenson 1993 4 provinces that if functions were common, struggle of involvement would origina te. Further more than, 3 non-executive managers, two of whom should be independent 5 and an audit commission affecting non-executives should be included.Companies were encouraged to follow these practises on base the codification of ruff practise which outlines other countries of tint. However the one size fits all job was value by Cadbury doing all companies registered in UK to follow the comply or explicate system. Companies should follow with corporate stovepipe practise or have legitimate grounds for non-compliance. Furthermore, the board must offer a panoptic account to stockholders and explain how their practises are consistent with stockholders. It s acceptable merely when stockholders believe good administration has been achieved.Greenbury commission, formed to measure manager s wage bundles and the deficiency of revelation of payments in the one-year studies, commenced over populace s choler sing additions in executive wage. The study added to the Cadbury Code a nd advised ( 1 ) each board include a wage commission affecting independent non-executives briefing stockholders per annum and ( 2 ) managers should hold LT 6 public presentation related wage, all disclosed in the one-year histories. Furthermore, forward motion should be reviewed every 3 old ages to guarantee companies are runing efficaciously.The Hampel commission 7 formed in 1998 suggested all old rules should be collaborated into a Combined Code . Furthermore, the president of the boards should move as the leader , investors should see choose the portion and all wages information including pensions should be disclosed.The Turnbull Committee, created the following twelvemonth, advised that managers should be held accountable for inherent fiscal and scrutinizing controls. Several studies have contributed to the Combined Code viz. the Higgs reappraisal sketching the actions of non-executives. More late, after the prostration of Northern Rock and the fiscal crisis that follow ed, the Walker Review formed a study refering banking sectors. The Financial Reporting Council produced a new Stewardship Code in 2010.Germany s corporate system is chiefly stakeholder oriented and diffuses off from stockholders involvements. The aim is maximizing stakeholder value thereby uncovering several typical differences.First, the banking sector is a study stakeholder. Charkham ( 1994 ) stated that Bankss hold a dominate place in funding and oversing companies for legion grounds. ( 1 ) During 1870 companies were to a great bound reliant on recognition. Banks began offering LT loans to LT clients who tied the companies, obtaining ownership and mournful as shareholders at heart industrial houses. ( 2 ) Banks hold 25 % of voting capital in big corporations and 28 % of sit trim toss off on the supervisory boards. ( 3 ) Banks are stockholder representatives, authorised to vote for their portions plus proxy portions 8 , giving farther control. Consequently companies are im probable to face coup detats, since Bankss pull up stakes fanny up them through fiscal adversities unlike in the UK.Second, co-operative elaboration is articulated under the Co-determination Act 1976 whereby role players obtain big functions in the direction procedure known as ferment councils. Work council staff influence concern actions and partake in determination devising procedures. Employees ( elected by work councils ) sit on the supervisory board when a house has more than 2000 employees aboard stockholder representatives. This system reduces work force struggles by bettering communicating channels, addition dickering power of workers through statute laws and eventually right market failures. Overall productiveness degrees addition, with low degrees of work stoppages as better wage and conditions implying good industrial dealingss .Finally, Germany involves a two course board compared to UK s one tier board. It includes a direction board ( Vorstand ) where dire ctors monitor day-to-day operation and behavior of the house. Plus a supervisory board ( Aufsichtsrat ) affecting merely non-executives 9 who monitor the direction board duties and O.K.ing determinations. Separation of the two increases the consciousness of single duties and helps forestall direction maltreatment. The ruin is holding worker representatives on the supervisory board as they will choose for determinations good for employees instead than company. For illustration shuting down a mill may hold good for the company nevertheless debatable for excess employees, doing it is hard to work in the best involvement of the company.Germany s corporate system lies to a great extent on good industrial dealingss which considers it s company, employees and public. It shows corporations are a societal establishment instead than an frugal 1 as it does non set fiscal value for stockholders at the top of the list of policy aims 10 . Stockholders are seen as one of many stakeholders and n on merely a privileged constituency.The Nipponese corporate administration roll ups around banking dealingss like Germany along with life clip employment. There are outstanding characteristics including the intercession of political science and close confederations between authorities and companies. Business and industrial activities are monitored by the Nipponese Ministry of Finance, affecting them in the direction and determination procedure.Nipponese corporate rely on chief Bankss 11 which are all interlinked with houses, organizing a concentrated ownership ( stockholders ) . Prowse 1992 provinces that persons hold 26.7 % of a house s equity while corporations hold 67.3 % . Unlike western states, Nipponese Bankss can keep equities up to 5 % . The statement is by moving as loaners and stockholders, struggle of involvements of debt suppliers and equity will be eradicated. Furthermore Bankss hold these equities for long periods, constructing a LT banking relationship unlike UK s transactional banking . Furthermore, they are involved with the internal direction by obtaining seats on the board of managers. They actively contribute in the determination procedure and act as insurance companies for companies come ining fiscal troubles i.e. bankruptcy or coup detats. Like Germany, Bankss form LT contracts with companies based on fiscal services and supervising and act as representatives for other stockholders through proxy ballots.One major differentiation in japan is the Keiretsu system. Companies form close confederations chiefly between Bankss, concerns and the authorities, by working towards each other success. The function of the authorities became of import when they intervened in 1990s as japan suffered a recession. The authorities wanted to reconstruct the economic system through its policies and ordinances by bettering the corporate administration to excite growing and investing.Germany and Japan both work toward the involvement of the company and wor kers as a collective. However Japan s board construction is different as all members consist of former employees excepting outside managers apart from bank functionaries. The boards have more members than UK and Germany as some companies have over 60 managers. This proves really effectual as no domination of managers occur.Harmonizing to Allen and Gale ( 2000 ) , concentrating on stakeholders instead than entirely on stockholders, societies resources are being used expeditiously as employees, providers and clients are interpreted into history. This enhances productiveness, therefore bring forthing higher net incomes, profiting the house and stockholders.Since 1990 the UK have implemented many policies reforming the direction and administration of companies. These scope from codifications, studies, ordinance and statute laws but how effectual are they?To guarantee company involvements are adjust with stockholders, UK has imposed assorted commissions to supervise the effectivity. For illustration, audit commissions review audits yearly and overlook fiscal relationships between companies and hearers. nomination commissions administer human resources and programs future managers. Compensation commissions examine direction actions and day-to-day operations. Furthermore the being of institutional investors has its advantages as puting in houses they have incentive and motive to supervise them. This leads to high public presentation degrees which reduces bureau costs. However, companies practise ST 12 net income maximization without LT be aftering doing companies underperform, therefore investors sell their portions and issue instead than voice their discontentedness ( occurs chiefly in Germany ) . Overall UK s attack in supervising company involvement is effectual as companies have bulk of bing stockholders through the demand of commissions.The Code of best pattern gives stockholders assurance that companies are runing with high degrees of transparence du ring determination devising procedures. From this, the comply or explicate system was created, whereby some license is left for companies to do effectual determinations. The additions from this is that ( 1 ) directors and stockholders follow the LT involvement of both the company and proprietors ( 2 ) distinguishes the civilization barrier single houses face since there are different degrees, size and ownership of companies, whereas codification of best pattern instils one size fits all regulation. Furthermore, codifications are more effectual than ordinances as companies can bit whereas implementing rigorous internal controls companies are limited to processs. Furthermore, codifications tackle more softer jobs associating to best practise compared to ordinances i.e. preparation and back uping managers in their function.The Cadbury Report reflects the above whereby The effectivity with which boards discharge their duties determines Britain s competitiveness place. They must be free to drive their companies frontward, but exercising that freedom within a model of effectual answerability. This is the kernel of any system of good corporate administration. For this system to work efficaciously stockholders require full revelation to ease them in their determinations and holding rights when dissatisfied. Consequently companies must unwrap information in their one-year studies saying how they have applied the combined codification and giving stockholders voting rights to dispatch managers. All these demands are set out under the company jurisprudence doing the system successful since it was adopted in EC 13 and included in the EUD 14 in 2006 sketching same rules.Empirical grounds show that UK has drawn near to the construct of good corporate administration. Harmonizing to the FTSE ISS Corporate Governance Index and Governance Metrics International Reports, the UK has the highest mean administration score out of all the states. Furthermore 94 % 15 of UK pen sion Fundss considered corporate criterions in the UK has developed exceptionally.The undermentioned reforms revolve about two primary issues ( 1 ) deficiency of separation of direction and control and ( 2 ) dilemma faced by non-executive managers in prices of monitoring. Accordingly UK s current reforms indicated the demand for independent non-executive managers to understate struggles other than present. However, the disadvantage sing this independency is, there is less incentive to pass a sufficient centerfield of clip commanding company issues because they have no direct relationship with the company. In add-on, uncertainties on how practically cognition they get besides poses a job.One possible polar solution that could be incorporated into UK administration is increasing the frequence and continuance of board meetings. Company information is really wide and hard particularly associating to LT fiscal public presentations, competitory place and organizational construction. Therefore it is critical that managers assign more clip to measure the information and deem upon past determinations and events. It is recommended that managers meet on a monthly footing for continual supervising and let managers to turn to all countries and inquire specific inquiries that affect the hereafter of the company. There are issues environing this proposal for illustration, readying, nevertheless the more frequent the meetings the less clip needed to fix as oppose to the clip needed for meetings held every one-fourth. Furthermore, meetings should non be limited to a clip agenda but instead should last until all facets are covered. This method is really flexible for illustration meetings could last more than one twenty-four hours when a company is in a hard state of affairs. The advantage is that sentiments will be shared more openly and allows non-executive managers to be more involved this should be carried when discoursing the long term corporate scheme.Another solutio n is changing the composing of the board. In the Combined Code subdivision A.3.2 it pronounces that at least half the board, excepting the Chairman, should consist non-executive managers determined by the board to be independent . This does non stipulate the maximal figure of seats in entire. Therefore it is advisable that the fewer managers, the more likely that each manager can play a dynamic and imperative function. The recommended figure should dwell of eight to ten managers in entire. This is so that there is adequate assortment and sufficient array of point of views. When there are more than ten or twelve members on the board, there will be a free rider job where some manager s will halt preparing for meetings and rely on the work of others ensuing in subjects non being discussed in deepness.Finally UK should see adding a supervisory board like Germany and Japan as this will let wider diverseness among the determination devising procedures. Furthermore it will cut down maltreatments from dominate managers since there is changeless alteration of direction public presentation. Overall UK should discontinue to better bing constabularies and the argufy lies in maintaining UK s corporate administration an plus instead than a liability for companies.

Leadership styles and its applicability in India

In a large plaque in that location motivations argon likely to be as varied as human needs hobo be non only for security, higher income and better working conditions but for affection, recognition, deference, esteem, and for both autonomy towards and dependence on the executive loss leader, for both conformity and individuality traits that can exist in the same person. Other things world equal, the stronger the motivational base the leader taps, the greater control over that person the leader can exercise. Thus, leaders are persons who expenditure different methods to ensure that the right work gets done. Hence, not only do leaders need to know how to deal with persons but also must know what the right things are. Leadership is defined in a dictionary as the position or function of a leader the competency to lead or an act or instance of leading.In a business environment real leadership is the act of pulling your employees forward to a desired level of performance. A di stinction can be made between a leader who gets people to achieve specific goals and a leader who gets people to achieve specific goals and develops a self actualisation belief system or culture. both are exercising leadership. However, one is dealing with transactions and the early(a) is transforming the character of the organisation. Thus, transactional leadership is when leaders follow what subordinates need to do to achieve objectives, classify the requirements to achieve the objectives and help subordinates become confident they can hand their objectives.On the other hand transformational leadership works on the vision for the organisational as a total and prepares the employees of the organisation to meet the challenges of the future and deal with all of them. Further, the key to understanding real leadership lies in understanding that your employees begin different personalities and attitudes each one has different job responsibilities each one has a different view of wh at is heavy in the operations of the organisation. in that respectfore, a leader has to cater to all types of employees and persona different appearances of leadership to bind them together and achieve the objectives of the organisation. Further, there are many moods in which a leader can lead.However, certain common elements such as a vision of purpose, gaining organisational acceptedness to this vision of purpose and providing the wherewithall to remove it out, are some of the common elements a leader has to have, irrespective of his mien of leadership. Thus, even though leadership styles are not given a lot importance, especially where there are successful leaders, the style adoptive by a leader is an integral part to being a successful leader in the long run. As mentioned earlier persons can perform the vital functions of leadership in many different ways. The style of leadership a leader adopts depends on the situation and on his or her personality traits. The interpl ay between these two factors is complex. Some situations whitethorn favour one style other situations whitethorn favour another style. Some leaders may vary their styles, whereas other leaders may not be able to vary their styles.As mentioned above, leadership styles are complex and varied as they depend on many behavioural traits. One may looking for at leadership styles depending on how a person influences others. Leaders may rely on charisma leaders may use their positional authority leaders may lead by example, etc. However, this delineation of leadership approaches or styles, is only a matter of emphasis. In practice leaders normally repair to a ternary of leadership styles. Thus, there are many classification of leadership styles and a flowerpot of research has been undertaken on them. This article looks at the broad transitions through which leadership styles have passed. Today, leaders have moved from dictatorial to benevolent to consultative and democratic.These styles also reflect the changes in attitudes of employees, earlier they were completely under the control of the employer, at present they are more novice and demand dignity and equality. Thus, if a leader does not recognise this he/she will not be successful. Before one discuses the leadership styles in India, one needs to look at the business environment in India. India has today seen a lot of transformation from an unexciting riffle of government owned companies and private family owned companies, many of which survived on government licenses to the inflow of multinational companies and lot of Indian companies being run as professional companies. Further, today there is talk of privatizing national vault of heaven companies, however, there are some public sector companies earning profits.All these changes in the business environment has lead to a change in the leadership styles, in certain cases leadership styles have changed business. In the public sector the leadership style has been formal authority, wherein the employees do not have the freedom to express themselves. to a lower place such situation the employee will not work to his/her utmost ability, but will only carry out those tasks, which are required of them. There is no scope of being innovative, as mistakes are not accepted. Further, even the leaders of public sector undertakings do have the power to be creative. In couch to change the above-mentioned situation, there is a need for the leaders of the public sector companies to change their style of leadership.They should adopt more democratic and participate styles of leadership and such leadership styles should not be adopted just to show to the employees that they being included in the decision making, but should be introduced in its true spirit. The public sector leaders need to adopt transformation leadership, where the employees of an organisation are moved towards achieving objectives, not for the sake of keeping their jobs but because th ey believe in the objectives of the organisation. As mentioned earlier, in the private sector in India there is a lot of change taking place. With the coming in of foreign investment, Indian enterprises have to be competitive and change with the times.In the past, Indias private sectors comprised of family owned business and the employers did not care much for their employees, as they had the power of money. The leadership style of adopted by them was authoritative. Employees were treated like servants and could be called upon do to tasks that were not part of their job description. Even though the above style of leadership still exists in many private sector companies, there has been a change in the style of leadership in many of the professional run Indian companies. It has become more democratic. However, in order to change the way India companies function, there is a lot of work still to be done. Change of leadership style is an important area in which Indian companies should in vest time and energy.In a labour abundant country, peoples cheer is an easy thing to forget, however, it is important that their needs are fulfilled, if the organisation is to be successful. People are the sterling(prenominal) asset an organisation has and if leaders of organisation adopt leadership styles that are democratic and transforming, then the organisation would well be on its way to achieving its objectives. As the CEO of GE, Jack Welch has said, we cannot afford management styles that squeeze and intimidate. Leadership behaviour is moving in many directions. Transformational and charismatic leadership are gaining in importance. There is even talk of whether self-managed groups are better than having leaders.In the world over, authoritative forms of leadership have collapsed. In India we are at a stage where maybe a totally democratic style of leadership may not succeed. This is because employees at large are not use to being taken into assertion and therefore, if a l eader tries to use the democratic style of leadership he may not succeed, however, an enlightened leader must realise that, if the democratic style of leadership is not eventually followed, he may only be successful for a short period. Thus, a leader will need to resort to maybe all the styles of leadership in the course of his interaction with other, however, at the end he/she should fasten sure that the democratic style of leadership is used most.